Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental health diagnosis characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms often impair functioning across multiple domains, such as academics, work, relationships, and daily life. ADHD manifests differently in individuals and is typically categorized into three types: inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined presentation.

Symptoms of inattention include difficulty focusing, being easily distracted, forgetfulness, trouble organizing tasks, and frequent daydreaming. Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms may include excessive fidgeting, restlessness, interrupting others, talking excessively, and difficulty waiting for one’s turn. These behaviors are not simply occasional lapses but are persistent and interfere significantly with functioning.

ADHD symptoms frequently overlap with those of trauma, complicating diagnosis. Both conditions can involve difficulty concentrating, emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and restlessness. Trauma, however, may also cause flashbacks, low sense of self, and emotional numbness, which are not core features of ADHD. Misdiagnosis can occur when clinicians do not fully assess for trauma histories, as symptoms may present similarly but stem from distinct underlying causes. I have had substantial success working with adult clients who have previously received ADHD diagnoses but have not previously explored trauma as a possible cause of their symptoms.

Treatment for ADHD often includes a combination of medication and behavioral therapy. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate or amphetamines, are the most common pharmacological treatment. They help improve focus and impulse control by balancing neurotransmitters like dopamine. Non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine or guanfacine, are alternatives for individuals who cannot tolerate stimulants. I have found in practice that, for those with an ADHD diagnosis and a trauma history, medications often help those clients both manage their ADHD symptoms and effectively manage their emotions while engaging with difficult topics. Regardless, medication-based approaches to ADHD treatment and management should always be done under the direction of a doctor.

Psychotherapeutic approaches to ADHD include often include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and executive functioning coaching, which improve organization, time management, and emotional regulation.

For individuals with ADHD and trauma histories (or possible trauma histories), treatment should address both conditions. Trauma-focused therapies, such as EMDR or trauma-focused CBT, can help process traumatic experiences while simultaneously managing ADHD symptoms, and can complement medication approaches effectively. A holistic and individualized approach is crucial for improving overall functioning and well-being.

I help many clients from Oakland, the greater San Francisco Bay Area, and beyond reduce ADHD symptoms and improve life functioning. Please reach out if you would like to learn more.